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结构式医学论文摘要的写作
关键词:摘要的写作
一、为何采用结构式论文摘要
医学论文的摘要,是为了把研究工作的主要内容以最简练的文字予以介绍,协助读者对该工作的目的、设计及研究结果较快地得出概括性的理解。从而决定是否需阅读全文。结构式论文摘要具有固定格式,其撰写格式与科研设计思维方法相一致,有助于作者理清思路,准确表达,甚至可促使作者在实验设计开始时就明确各项内容,使各部分更趋严密、合理,以得出正确结论。也便于国际间交流,可以转载,易于传播。
当前,医学文献数据库除收录论文题目外,同时收录论文摘要。例如,美国国家医学图书馆医学文献联机检索系统(MEDLINE)收集了全世界3600多种医学期刊的数十万条文献,其中包括中华医学会系列杂志20余种。荷兰医学文摘(Excepta Medica)以收录高质量的文摘著称,全部收录论文摘要,按专业分册出版。中国医学科学院医学信息研究中心在国家科委与卫生部领导下,也建立了中国生物医学文献数据库,收录1990年以来刊登在国内期刊的论著中、英文题目及中文摘要,并制成数据库光盘系统。各种数据库的建立,无疑加快了国内外信息的传播,节省了读者的时间,便于更及时掌握最新的科研动态。为此,写好论文摘要至关重要。
二、结构式论文摘要的基本写作方法 结构式论文摘要包括目的、方法、结果与结论四部分。由于多数国外读者不能看懂论著全文,所以,英文摘要内容应较中文摘要更全面。具体字数可根据不同期刊或征文的要求而定,中文摘要一般在200字以内。英文摘要字数为150~400个英文单词。中英文摘要各项内容基本相同。分述如下:
1.目的(Objective):直接了当地准确说明研究目的或所阐述的问题。如题目已清楚表明,则摘要中可以不重复。亦可以在摘要开始,简要说明提出问题的背景。英文常以动词不定式“To+动词原形”开头。常用英文表达方式:To investigate...and...;To assese...;To determine whether...;To study...;To examine...;To evaluate ... and compare...;To improve...;To describe...;To explore....;To clarify;To identify ...;To localize ...等。
2.方法(Methods):对研究的基本设计加以描述。包括诊断标准、分组情况及随访时间;研究对象的数量及特征,以及对在研究中因副作用或其它原因而撤消的研究对象数目;观察的主要变量及主要的研究方法;治疗手段包括使用方法及作用时间等。若为临床研究,需说明是前瞻性随机对比研究或回顾性分析。方法学研究要说明新的或改进的方法、设备、材料,以及被研究的对象(动物或人)。英文常需要用完整的被动或主动结构句子,动词用过去时态。常用英文表达方式:A randomized, double blind,placebo controlled trial was performed;A case control study;A prospective clinical study;We retrospectively analyzed...;W e studied ...等。
3.结果(Results):为摘要的重点部分。提供研究所得出的主要结果,列出重要数据。指出新方法与经典方法比较而表现出的优缺点,并说明其可信度及准确性的统计学程度。英文要用完整句子,谓语动词用过去时态,研究所得数据如百分数、血压等数字采用临床病例书写形式,不必用书面英文表达。常用英文表达方式:...was (were)...;We found...;There was...等。4.结论(Conclusion):把研究的主要结论性观点,用一、二句话简明表达,不必另分段落或设小标题。结论应该有直接依据,避免推测和过于笼统。英文用完整句子表达,动词时态用一般现在时或现在完成时。最好直接写结论,也可用一些句型引出结论。常用英文表达方式:...is probably ...;...is ...;Our conclusion is that ...;This study shows that...;This study suggests that...;This study confirms that...;These observations support ...等。
三、结构式论文摘要写作的注意事项
1.文辞力求简明易懂,不能含糊及重复。除了已规范化的缩略语(如DNA)外,首次用缩略语之前须将英文全称列出。
2.英文所用时态需与事情发生时间相一致,叙述基本规律时可用现在时。叙述研究对象、方法和结果时,用过去时。
四、结构式论文摘要举例
Objective: To evaluate the perinatal and 2-year outcomes in pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) during the second trimester. Methods: Fifty-three consecutive singleton pregnancies with PROM at 14 to 28 weeks of gestation were studied retrospectively. Management goals were to prolong the pregnancies to 32 weeks through expectant management and to avoid fetal compromise through closer monitoring and active intervention, when necessary, after 23 weeks. Outcome of the surviving infants was based on neurologic, audiometric, and ophthalmologic examinations at 2 years of corrected age. Results: Rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks (mean 17.4 weeks) in 10 women, at 10~25 weeks (mean 24.0 weeks) in 24, and at 26~28 weeks (mean 27.6 weeks) in 19.The median latency periods to delivery were 72 days, 12 days, and 10 days when rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks, 20~25 weeks, and 26~28 weeks, respectively.The overall incidence of chorioamnionitis was 28%.There were no fetal deaths and nine neonatal deaths. When rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks, 20~25 weeks,and 26~28 weeks, the perinatal survival rates were 40%,92% and,100%, respectively. Pulmonary hypoplasia accounted for seven deaths. Of the live-born infants, 81% were alive at 2 years of corrected age. Survival without major impairment was observed in 75%, 80%, and 100% of the survivors when rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks, 20~25 weeks, and 26~28 weeks, respectively. Conclusion: Expectant management of second-trimester PROM offers better perinatal and long-term survival than previously thought.
一、为何采用结构式论文摘要
医学论文的摘要,是为了把研究工作的主要内容以最简练的文字予以介绍,协助读者对该工作的目的、设计及研究结果较快地得出概括性的理解。从而决定是否需阅读全文。结构式论文摘要具有固定格式,其撰写格式与科研设计思维方法相一致,有助于作者理清思路,准确表达,甚至可促使作者在实验设计开始时就明确各项内容,使各部分更趋严密、合理,以得出正确结论。也便于国际间交流,可以转载,易于传播。
当前,医学文献数据库除收录论文题目外,同时收录论文摘要。例如,美国国家医学图书馆医学文献联机检索系统(MEDLINE)收集了全世界3600多种医学期刊的数十万条文献,其中包括中华医学会系列杂志20余种。荷兰医学文摘(Excepta Medica)以收录高质量的文摘著称,全部收录论文摘要,按专业分册出版。中国医学科学院医学信息研究中心在国家科委与卫生部领导下,也建立了中国生物医学文献数据库,收录1990年以来刊登在国内期刊的论著中、英文题目及中文摘要,并制成数据库光盘系统。各种数据库的建立,无疑加快了国内外信息的传播,节省了读者的时间,便于更及时掌握最新的科研动态。为此,写好论文摘要至关重要。
二、结构式论文摘要的基本写作方法 结构式论文摘要包括目的、方法、结果与结论四部分。由于多数国外读者不能看懂论著全文,所以,英文摘要内容应较中文摘要更全面。具体字数可根据不同期刊或征文的要求而定,中文摘要一般在200字以内。英文摘要字数为150~400个英文单词。中英文摘要各项内容基本相同。分述如下:
1.目的(Objective):直接了当地准确说明研究目的或所阐述的问题。如题目已清楚表明,则摘要中可以不重复。亦可以在摘要开始,简要说明提出问题的背景。英文常以动词不定式“To+动词原形”开头。常用英文表达方式:To investigate...and...;To assese...;To determine whether...;To study...;To examine...;To evaluate ... and compare...;To improve...;To describe...;To explore....;To clarify;To identify ...;To localize ...等。
2.方法(Methods):对研究的基本设计加以描述。包括诊断标准、分组情况及随访时间;研究对象的数量及特征,以及对在研究中因副作用或其它原因而撤消的研究对象数目;观察的主要变量及主要的研究方法;治疗手段包括使用方法及作用时间等。若为临床研究,需说明是前瞻性随机对比研究或回顾性分析。方法学研究要说明新的或改进的方法、设备、材料,以及被研究的对象(动物或人)。英文常需要用完整的被动或主动结构句子,动词用过去时态。常用英文表达方式:A randomized, double blind,placebo controlled trial was performed;A case control study;A prospective clinical study;We retrospectively analyzed...;W e studied ...等。
3.结果(Results):为摘要的重点部分。提供研究所得出的主要结果,列出重要数据。指出新方法与经典方法比较而表现出的优缺点,并说明其可信度及准确性的统计学程度。英文要用完整句子,谓语动词用过去时态,研究所得数据如百分数、血压等数字采用临床病例书写形式,不必用书面英文表达。常用英文表达方式:...was (were)...;We found...;There was...等。4.结论(Conclusion):把研究的主要结论性观点,用一、二句话简明表达,不必另分段落或设小标题。结论应该有直接依据,避免推测和过于笼统。英文用完整句子表达,动词时态用一般现在时或现在完成时。最好直接写结论,也可用一些句型引出结论。常用英文表达方式:...is probably ...;...is ...;Our conclusion is that ...;This study shows that...;This study suggests that...;This study confirms that...;These observations support ...等。
三、结构式论文摘要写作的注意事项
1.文辞力求简明易懂,不能含糊及重复。除了已规范化的缩略语(如DNA)外,首次用缩略语之前须将英文全称列出。
2.英文所用时态需与事情发生时间相一致,叙述基本规律时可用现在时。叙述研究对象、方法和结果时,用过去时。
四、结构式论文摘要举例
Objective: To evaluate the perinatal and 2-year outcomes in pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) during the second trimester. Methods: Fifty-three consecutive singleton pregnancies with PROM at 14 to 28 weeks of gestation were studied retrospectively. Management goals were to prolong the pregnancies to 32 weeks through expectant management and to avoid fetal compromise through closer monitoring and active intervention, when necessary, after 23 weeks. Outcome of the surviving infants was based on neurologic, audiometric, and ophthalmologic examinations at 2 years of corrected age. Results: Rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks (mean 17.4 weeks) in 10 women, at 10~25 weeks (mean 24.0 weeks) in 24, and at 26~28 weeks (mean 27.6 weeks) in 19.The median latency periods to delivery were 72 days, 12 days, and 10 days when rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks, 20~25 weeks, and 26~28 weeks, respectively.The overall incidence of chorioamnionitis was 28%.There were no fetal deaths and nine neonatal deaths. When rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks, 20~25 weeks,and 26~28 weeks, the perinatal survival rates were 40%,92% and,100%, respectively. Pulmonary hypoplasia accounted for seven deaths. Of the live-born infants, 81% were alive at 2 years of corrected age. Survival without major impairment was observed in 75%, 80%, and 100% of the survivors when rupture of membranes occurred at 14~19 weeks, 20~25 weeks, and 26~28 weeks, respectively. Conclusion: Expectant management of second-trimester PROM offers better perinatal and long-term survival than previously thought.